Sport Chemistry

What’s the World Cup made of? – in C&EN

Preview image for an infographic on what the world cup is made of, featuring illustrated images of the Jules Rimet trophy, the current World Cup, and a football.
Click to view the full graphic on the C&EN site

The Men’s football World Cup final is taking place this weekend. While it sadly won’t be coming home, one team will take home the coveted World Cup – or, at least, a copy of it. In the latest edition of Periodic Graphics in C&EN, we take a look at the materials that make up the two separate trophies that have been awarded to the World Cup winners. See the full graphic on the C&EN site.

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The materials science of tennis

An infographic titled "The materials science of tennis" by Compound Interest explaining the chemistry of balls and rackets. Ball cores are vulcanized rubber (natural rubber crosslinked with sulfur) filled with pressurized nitrogen gas. The outer felt is wool and nylon, dyed yellow with a dye such as Basic Yellow 40. Rackets evolved from wood (which warped), to aluminium, then composites (fibreglass, Kevlar), and now carbon fibre with plastic resins. Strings transitioned from cow gut to polyester and nylon.
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If you’ve been enjoying the tennis at Wimbledon over the past two weeks, chemistry probably didn’t cross your mind as you watched the players slogging the ball back and forth. However, a lot of science and honed materials go into both the rackets and balls used during each game, set and match. This graphic examines the key substances used and how they’ve changed over time.

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What are the Olympics athletics tracks made of?

Infographic on the materials science of athletics tracks. The 2020 Olympics use a specially designed track surface made from rubber, which returns to its original shape when it's deformed. Vulcanisation (treatment of rubber with sulfur) increases rubber's rigidity by forming crosslinks between rubber polymer chains. Rubber granules embedded in the layers form bonds with the vulcanised rubber matrix, improving elasticity and shock absorption. The texture of the track surface improves slip resistance and traction, while the honeycomb layer of the bottom layers also aids shock absorption. Other types of running track bind rubber particles with a polyurethane polymer over an asphalt base, and these track surfaces are commonly used for school and community tracks.
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The 2020 Olympics may have been a bit late arriving thanks to the pandemic, but there’ve been no signs of sluggishness from athletes on the track. World records have been tumbling over the past weeks, and one factor behind this could be the technology used in the track. I worked with Jess Wade on this graphic to take a closer look at the materials science behind the track surface.

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