
The latest food chemistry graphic looks at garlic and a couple of its well known effects. Garlic is frequently used in cooking, but its use comes with the unwanted accompaniment of ‘garlic breath’. On the more beneficial side of things, it can also have antibacterial properties. This post examines the chemical compounds behind these two phenomena.
Much as with onions, the chemicals that lead to ‘garlic breath’ aren’t actually present in unchopped garlic. They are formed when the garlic clove is mechanically damaged; this causes enzymes to break down the compound alliin, found in the cloves, to form allicin. Allicin is the major compound that contributes to chopped garlic’s aroma. It too is broken down into a range of sulfur-containing organic compounds, several of which contribute to the ‘garlic breath’ effect.
Research has identified four major compounds that contribute: diallyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, allyl mercaptan, and allyl methyl disulfide. Of these, allyl methyl sulfide is the compound that takes longest for the body to break down. It is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and passes into the bloodstream, then passes on to other organs in the body for excretion, specifically the skin, kidneys and lungs. It is excreted through the skin via sweating, in the urine – and through your breath. This effect can last up to 24 hours, until all of the compound is excreted from the body, causing a faint, lingering, garlicky aroma.
So, what can you do to mitigate this effect? Some research has been carried out in the area, and a number of foods have been discovered to mildly reduce garlic breath. These include parsley, milk, apple, spinach and mint. The mechanism for their reduction of the effect is still unclear, with some research suggesting chlorophylls in vegetables have the potential to freshen breath, whilst more recent research provides evidence that this is not the case. Instead, it’s suggested that the deodourising effect is due to enzymatic action of some compounds in the deodourising substances, which ultimately assist in breaking down the organosulfur compounds.
Sulfur-containing compounds are again involved in the antibacterial properties of garlic. Researchers tested these compounds on a type of bacteria found in animal faeces, one of the most common bacterial causes of gastroenteritis, and found that the anti-microbial activity of the compounds increased with the number of sulfur atoms present; diallyl trisulfide being the most effective, followed by diallyl disulfide, then diallyl sulfide. These compounds are effective as they can penetrate the cell membranes of bacteria cells, and cause changes in structure in thiol (-SH) containing enzymes and proteins, injuring the cell.
Another suggested potential effect of garlic is as an insecticide against ticks and mosquitos. However, the research suggesting this effect was subsequently criticised as to the design of the study, particularly the lack of comparison to known insect repellents, and as such cannot be considered conclusive. A subsequent study, examining repellent effects of a variety of substances on mosquitos, found that garlic exhibited no noticeable effect, but also pointed out that longer term consumption of garlic might be required to achieve any repellent effects in humans.
An alternate version of this graphic features in the Compound Interest book on the chemical explanations for various odd food and drink phenomena, available here.
The graphic in this article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. See the site’s content usage guidelines.
References & Further Reading
- ‘Onions, Garlic & Chives’ – PictureIt Chem
- ‘Allium Chemistry: Identification of Organoselenium Compounds in Human Breath after Ingestion of Garlic’ – X.J. Cai et al
- ‘Deodorisation of Garlic Breath Volatiles by Food’ – R. Munch & S.A. Barringer
- ‘Investigating Anti-Bacterial Effects of Garlic’ – X. Lu et al.
31 replies on “What Compounds Cause Garlic Breath? – The Chemistry of Garlic”
[…] image via Compound Interest […]
[…] image via Compound Interest […]
[…] folks at the American Chemical Society and chemistry blog Compound Interest have done the research and narrowed it down to four volatile organic […]
[…] folks at the American Chemical Society and chemistry blog Compound Interest have done the research and narrowed it down to four volatile organic […]
[…] è della American Chemical Society, che ha scoperto che i componenti responsabili dell’odore sono molti, ma che curiosamente […]
[…] è della American Chemical Society, che ha scoperto che i componenti responsabili dell’odore sono molti, ma che curiosamente […]
[…] è della American Chemical Society, che ha scoperto che i componenti responsabili dell’odore sono molti, ma che curiosamente […]
[…] to Compound Interest: http://www.compoundchem.com Original Compound Interest graphic/post here: http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/05/0… Scientific review: George Preti, Ph.D., member of the Monnell Chemical Senses […]
[…] make it so offensive? In a video, the folks at the American Chemical Society and the chemistry blog Compound Interest lay out the chemicals responsible for the […]
[…] to Compound Interest: http://www.compoundchem.comOriginal Compound Interest graphic/post here: http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/05/05/what-compounds-cause-garlic-breath-the-chemistry-of-garlic/Scientific review: George Preti, Ph.D., member of the Monnell Chemical Senses […]
[…] methyl sulfide, allyl mercaptan and allyl methyl disulfide. You can find the structures on this great infographic from Compound […]
[…] to Compound Interest: http://www.compoundchem.comOriginal Compound Interest graphic/post here: http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/05/0…Scientific review: George Preti, Ph.D., member of the Monnell Chemical Senses CenterFind us on all […]
[…] Firstly, it’s worth discussing the brewing process that leads to the creation of beer. Before brewing can even start, the barley for the brewing must be prepared. The Key Chemicals in Red Wine – Colour, Flavour, and Potential Health Benefits. Click to enlarge To complement the ongoing food chemistry posts, this supplementary series is going to be looking at the key chemicals (or families of chemicals) that give alcoholic drinks their characteristics. The first in the series looks at some of the families of chemicals in red wine which contribute towards its colour and flavour, with more detail provided in the post below. Red wine has been espoused over the years for its supposed health benefits, from claims that it could let us live to 150, to assertions that chemicals within it can help prevent cancer. What Compounds Cause Garlic Breath? – The Chemistry of Garlic. […]
[…] For an excellent graphic on the chemistry of garlic click on over to Compound Interest […]
[…] to Compound Interest: http://www.compoundchem.com Original Compound Interest graphic/post here: http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/05/05/what-compounds-cause-garlic-breath-the-chemistry-of-garlic/ Scientific review: George Preti, Ph.D., member of the Monnell Chemical Senses […]
[…] like in the case of garlic, the chemistry of which we’ve examined previously, the compounds producing the characteristic garlic smell are only produced when the plants are […]
[…] http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/05/05/what-compounds-cause-garlic-breath-the-chemistry-of-garlic/ […]
[…] http://www.popsci.com/article/science/how-cure-garlic-breath http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/05/05/what-compounds-cause-garlic-breath-the-chemistry-of-garlic/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24592995 […]
[…] What Compounds Cause Garlic Breath? – The Chemistry of Garlic […]
[…] Much like onions, the chemicals that cause the dreaded ‘garlic breath’ don’t actually exist until you chop it up – according to chemistry teacher and writer Andy Brunning. […]
[…] What Compounds Cause Garlic Breath? – The Chemistry of Garlic […]
[…] What Compounds Cause Garlic Breath? – The Chemistry of Garlic […]
[…] Μια άλλη προτεινόμενη πιθανή επίδραση του σκόρδου είναι ως εντομοκτόνο κατά των τσιμπουριών και κουνούπια. Ωστόσο, η έρευνα που υποδηλώνει αυτό το αποτέλεσμα στη συνέχεια επικριθεί ως προς το σχεδιασμό της μελέτης, ιδιαίτερα την έλλειψη σύγκριση με γνωστά εντομοαπωθητικά, και ως εκ τούτου δεν μπορούν να θεωρηθούν πειστικά. Μια μεταγενέστερη μελέτη, εξετάζοντας αποτελέσματα απωθητικό μιας ποικιλίας των ουσιών για κουνούπια, διαπίστωσαν ότι το σκόρδο δεν παρουσίασε αξιοσημείωτη επίδραση, αλλά τόνισε επίσης ότι μακροπρόθεσμα η κατανάλωση σκόρδου μπορεί να απαιτούνται για να επιτευχθεί κάποια ανεπιθύμητη απωθητικό στους ανθρώπους. http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/05/05/what-compounds-cause-garlic-breath-the-chemistry-of-garlic/ […]
[…] http://www.popsci.com/article/science/how-cure-garlic-breath http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/05/05/what-compounds-cause-garlic-breath-the-chemistry-of-garlic/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24592995 […]
[…] What Compounds Cause Garlic Breath? – The Chemistry of Garlic […]
the amount of access electrons does not work out
[…] What Compounds Cause Garlic Breath? – The Chemistry of Garlic […]
[…] garlic bagel you enjoyed for breakfast might linger through a flight later on. The compound allyl methyl disulfide, one of the culprits contributing to garlic breath, can take up to 24 hours to be removed from your […]
[…] http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/05/05/what-compounds-cause-garlic-breath-the-chemistry-of-garlic/ […]
[…] http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/05/05/what-compounds-cause-garlic-breath-the-chemistry-of-garlic/ […]
[…] alho contém alilo metil dissulfeto, um composto que ocorre na picado ou esmagado variedade que é processado lentamente pelo […]